Linux Key board ShortCuts

Virtual terminals >

Ctrl + Alt + F1
Switch to the first virtual terminal. In Linux, you can have several virtual terminals at the same time. The default is 6.

Ctrl + Alt + Fn
Switch to the nth virtual terminal. Because the number of virtual terminals is 6 by default, n = 1...6.

tty
Typing the tty command tells you what virtual terminal you're currently working in.

Ctrl + Alt + F7
Switch to the GUI. If you have X Window System running, it runs in the seventh virtual terminal by default. If X isn't running, this terminal is empty.

< X Window System >

Ctrl + Alt + +
Switch to the next resolution in the X Window System. This works if you've configured more than one resolution for your X server. Note that you must use the + in your numpad.

Ctrl + Alt + -
Switch to the previous X resolution. Use the - in your numpad.

MiddleMouseButton
Paste the highlighted text. You can highlight the text with your left mouse button (or with some other highlighting method, depending on the application you're using), and then press the middle mouse button to paste. This is the traditional way of copying and pasting in the X Window System, but it may not work in some X applications.

If you have a two-button mouse, pressing both of the buttons at the same time has the same effect as pressing the middle one. If it doesn't, you must enable 3-mouse-button emulation.

This works also in text terminals if you enable the gpm service.

Ctrl + Alt + Backspace
Kill the X server. Use this if X crashes and you can't exit it normally. If you've configured your X Window System to start automatically at bootup, this restarts the server and throws you back to the graphical login screen.

< Command line - input >

Home or Ctrl + a
Move the cursor to the beginning of the current line.

End or Ctrl + e
Move the cursor to the end of the current line.

Alt + b
Move the cursor to the beginning of the current or previous word. Note that while this works in virtual terminals, it may not work in all graphical terminal emulators, because many graphical applications already use this as a menu shortcut by default.

Alt + f
Move the cursor to the end of the next word. Again, like with all shortcuts that use Alt as the modifier, this may not work in all graphical terminal emulators.

Tab
Autocomplete commands and file names. Type the first letter(s) of a command, directory or file name, press Tab and the rest is completed automatically! If there are more commands starting with the same letters, the shell completes as much as it can and beeps. If you then press Tab again, it shows you all the alternatives.

This shortcut is really helpful and saves a lot of typing! It even works at the lilo prompt and in some X applications.

Ctrl + u
Erase the current line.

Ctrl + k
Delete the line from the position of the cursor to the end of the line.

Ctrl + w
Delete the word before the cursor.

< Command line - output >

Shift + PageUp
Scroll terminal output up.

Shift + PageDown
Scroll terminal output down.

clear
The clear command clears all previously executed commands and their output from the current terminal.

Ctrl + l
Does exactly the same as typing the clear command.

reset
If you mess up your terminal, use the reset command. For example, if you try to cat a binary file, the terminal starts showing weird characters. Note that you may not be able to see the command when you're typing it.

< Command line - history >

history
When you type the history command, you'll see a list of the commands you executed previously.

ArrowUp or Ctrl + p
Scroll up in the history and edit the previously executed commands. To execute them, press Enter like you normally do.

ArrowDown or Ctrl + n
Scroll down in the history and edit the next commands.

Ctrl + r
Find the last command that contained the letters you're typing. For example, if you want to find out the last action you did to a file called "file42.txt", you'll press Ctrl + r and start typing the file name. Or, if you want to find out the last parameters you gave to the "cp" command, you'll press Ctrl + r and type in "cp".

< Command line - misc >

Ctrl + c
Kill the current process.

Ctrl + z
Send the current process to background. This is useful if you have a program running, and you need the terminal for awhile but don't want to exit the program completely. Then just send it to background with Ctrl+z, do whatever you want, and type the command fg to get the process back.

Ctrl + d
Log out from the current terminal. If you use this in a terminal emulator under X, this usually shuts down the terminal emulator after logging you out.

Ctrl + Alt + Del
Reboot the system. You can change this behavior by editing /etc/inittab if you want the system to shut down instead of rebooting.

ASR (Automated System Recovery in Windows XP)

How to Set up and Use Automated System Recovery in Windows XP

Windows XP's Automated System Recovery (ASR) is an extension to the conventional backup-and-restore. It provides a framework for saving and recovering the Windows XP operating state, in the event of a catastrophic system or hardware failure. Windows XP ASR recovers the target system in a two-step process. The first step, termed the boot recovery process, requires a new copy of Windows XP to be temporarily installed on the target system using the original distribution media. The second step, called the OS restore process, restores the files of a previously saved Windows XP installation using a backup-and-restore application (this will delete/overwrite some of the files installed by the boot recovery process).

Note: Users of Windows XP Home are out of luck: ASR is not available on their system. While mentions of this feature do exist in the backup utility of Windows XP Home, ASR is only functional in Windows XP Professional. Please click here for some other options.

ASR Backup

The backup portion of ASR is accomplished through the ASR Wizard located in Backup. The wizard backs up the system state, system services, and all disks associated with the operating system components. It also creates a file containing information about the backup, the disk configurations (including basic and dynamic volumes) and how to accomplish a restore.

To start the process, click Backup under All Programs > Accessories > System Tools.

By default, backup will start in Wizard mode. In this case it's easier to start in the Advanced Mode. To do so, just click the link Advanced Mode.

On the Welcome tab, click Automated System Recovery Wizard. This will start the Automated System Recovery Preparation Wizard.

The wizard will prompt you for a location and name for the media to store the backup file.

By default drive A:\ will be selected, but for obvious reasons this isn't a good choice. You want to change the location to another disk-location. The backup will typically be around 1.5-2.0GB (but could be more, depending on the amount of software installed), and since Microsoft's backup won't "span" a backup across multiple CDs, you'd have to find another media to store this backup on. You could use anything from ZIP or Jazz drives, to a second hard disk drive, either internal or external. Please note: you can't save the backup to the system drive (usually drive C:\), since this drive will be formatted when you do an ASR restore.

When you have selected the location and name for the backup, press Finish to end the Automated System Recovery Preparation Wizard. When you do this, backup will create a list of all the files to backup, and then continue with the backup process

ASR only makes a backup of your files on your System drive (usually drive C:\). If you use other hard drives, you will need to make a separate backup of your documents & files to make a complete "recovery" after disaster!

Once the disk-backup is done, ASR will prompt you for a blank, 1.44MB, formatted floppy disk to store some recovery data.

When ready, label the diskette. Pressing OK ends the backup portion of ASR

You will need to keep your ASR backup up-to-date. If you make any changes to your OS, you'll need to make a new ASR backup. When installing updates from Microsoft, most will prompt you to make a new ASR backup after installing the update.

ASR Restore

ASR will read the disk configurations from the file that it saved on the ASR diskette and restore all of the disk signatures, volumes and partitions on, at a minimum, the disks required to start the computer (It will attempt to restore all of the disk configurations, but under some circumstances, it might not be able to).

To use Automated System Recovery to recover after a system failure, you need to have the following items before you begin the procedure:

1. Your Automated System Recovery floppy disk
2. Your previously created backup
3. Your original operating system CD

You should only use the ASR backup to restore your system if all other methods to start your Windows XP system have failed. Your system drive (usually drive C:\) will be formatted and you will lose any information that was not backed up recently!

To start the restore process, insert the original Windows XP CD in your system's CD-ROM drive, and reboot your computer (make sure that the option is set in your computer's BIOS to boot from CD-ROM. Check your computer's or motherboard's manual on how to do this). Usually you'll get a message to Press any key to boot from CD...

Once Windows Setup starts, you'll be prompted with the following text at the bottom of the screen: Press F2 to run Automated System Recovery (ASR)... so be prepared to hit F2 as soon as you see this.

Next you will be prompted to insert the Windows Automated System Recovery Disk into the floppy drive. Insert the disk, and press any key.

The ASR process will be started, and without any further prompts, your system drive will be formatted, after which setup will start copying its files to the hard disk.

When ready, the system will prompt you to remove any floppy from the floppy drive, and will reboot the system automatically (this time do not press any key to boot from the CD-ROM!).

Windows setup will now continue much like a normal Windows setup would, but it will not do a complete installation.

After a few minutes, the Automated System Recovery Wizard will start. After 90 seconds it will automatically continue, if you want to speed this up, just press the Next button.

Next the ASR wizard will ask you for the location of your backup file. By default it will list the location you saved the backup to previously, but if you since moved it to a different drive, you can use the Browse button to point to the new location.

This will close the ASR wizard, after which backup is used to restore the previous backup of your system drive. After the restore phase is completed, your system will be rebooted, and you'll have it back in the same state as of the time when you created the ASR backup

Common PC p problems and Solutions

Common Errors in PC & There Solution

1. MONITOR LED IS BLINKING
Check all the connections like Monitor Cable, Data cables,RAM, Display Card , CPU connections.

2. CONTINUOS THREE BEEPS
Problem in RAM Connection.

3. THREE BEEPS ( 1 Long 2 Short)
Problem in Display Card Connection

4. THREE LONG BEEPS PERIOD WISE
Problem in BIOS or RAM (Basic Input Output System)

5. CONTINUOS NON-STOP BEEPING
Key Board Problem ( I.e.; Some Key is pressed for Longer time)

6. FDD LED IS GLOWING CONTINUOSLY
Data cable to be connected properly (twisted cable).

7. NO DISPLAY ON THE SCREEN AT ALL
Hard Disk cable connected wrongly. Connect rightly seeing the Red mark (Faces power supply) and then Restart.

8. POWER LED IS OFF
a. Check main power cord
b. Check S.M.P.S.
c. Check Mother Board connection

9. SHOWING CMOS ERROR
Replace 3 Volt battery of Mother Board . Set Original Settings Manually.(Refer CMOS Setup chart)
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10. SHOWING FDD ERROR OR FLOPPY DRIVE IS NOT WORKING PROPERLY
Check Power cord of FDD , Data Cables , set CMOS & Finally the Check drive.

11. SHOWING HDD ERROR OR HARD DISK FAILURE
a. Check Power Cord
b. Check connection of HDD
c. Check Data cable
d. Check Hard Disk parameters in CMOS or Auto detecting Setting Partitions by Fdisk Command, then format it to set track 0.

12. MOTHER BOARD HANGS DUE TO UNSTABILIZED POWER SUPPLY
a. Check S.M.P.S
b. RAM not functioning properly.
c. Software problem (due to using pirated software)
d. CPU fan not functioning properly.

13. DANCING SCREEN
a. Check Display card connection
b. Virus Problem
c. Video Memory Problem

14. SHAKING SCREEN
a. Earthing problem
b. Magnetic waves comes around.

15. CPU CABINET SHOCK
a. Check Earthing
b. Check main power cord.

16. NON-SYSTEM DISK ERROR
a. Floppy Drive having different disk (Non-Bootable Disk) OR CMOS Parameters for Hard Disk may not be set properly.
b. Hard Disk Partitions may not be created.
c. Hard Disk may not be formatted.

7. MISSING OPERATING SYSTEM
The System files missing namely Ie; command.com} - User File IO.SYS & MS_DOS.SYS } - Hidden Files. These above three files required for Start up of the system that can be transferred by using SYS C: Command OR While the time of formatting by using Format c:/u/s

18. MISSING COMMAND INTERPRETOR
May the file Command.com is corrupted OR Infected by Virus OR Some one has Erased it.

19. SHOWING I/O ERROR
a. The type of Hard Disk in CMOS may not be set properly.
b. Operating system used for formatting is not valid

20. SHOWING DIVIDE OVER- FLOW MESSAGE
a. May some Directories or Files crash with other files.
b. Use CHKDSK/F or SCANDISK Command to correct it.

21. HARD DISK MAKING NOISE WHILE PROCESSING
a. Unstabilized power supply.
b. Check for Loose Contact.
c. Do not use Y Connectors for Hard Disk.
d. It may create Bad Sector OR Weak Hard Disk.

22. HARD DISK HANGS WHILE PROCESSING
Check for Bad Sector by using CHKDSK or SCANDISK Command. If found format the Hard Disk and set Partition before that area.(This is the only procedure to use Hard Disk with Bad Sector) OR (To avoid Bad Sectors use Standard Power Supply)

23. HARD DISK NOT DETECTED
a. Check Power Connector
b. Check Data Cables
c. Check Jumpers

24. PARTITION NOT SHOWN
Operating System where the Hard Disk formatted is not supported with present Mother Board. For Eg: Hard Disk formatted with Pentium System will hide their partitions for 486 System.

25. MMX/DLL FILE MISSING
May the above files may be corrupted due to power failure or Virus. Make available above files from other Computer. OR Reinstall Windows 98 Operating System. (This procedure will not make any effect on existing Data).

26. WINDOWS REGISTRY ERROR
This will happen due to sudden ON/OFF of the system. Final solution is to Reinstall Operating System.

27. DISPLAY COLOUR DOES NOT MATCH
a. Configure Display Card properly with their CD.
b. The Standard setting for Windows is set it to 800x600 for better performance.

28. UNKNOWN DEVICE FOUND
May the Driver utility is not provided with operating system . Insert Driver CD and install software for the above Device. (Every Device requires driver utility to set active

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